The survey of Ultrasound – Electrocoagulation process in removal of Ciprofloxacin from aqueous through central composite design

Background and aims: Presence of antibiotics as emerging pollutants have aroused increasing concerns. The modelling of electrocoagulation process with ultrasound in the removal of Ciprofloxacin in aqueous solutions was aimed in the present study.Materials and Methods: In this study a reactor with 1000 mL volume was used. Copper and iron electrodes were exploited as cathode and anode electrodes. Electrodes were connected to a direct electrical current supply as monopolar. The optimization of pH, current density, initial concentration of CIP and reactiontime were conducted by CCD and finally suitable model was presented. In optimized conditions, the amount of electrode corrosion, COD and TOC removal, changes in the UV-Vis adsorption and FT-IR spectrum was measured. All procedures in study were conducted ethically.Results: Optimum conditions were found to occur at pH, current density, and reaction time of 7. 4, 1.5 In this situation the predicted and.A and 30 min, respectively in 15 mg CIP /L as an initial concentration actual efficiencies were 88.21 and 86.37 %, respectively. Also, a moderate COD and TOC removal, about64 and 51 percent was achieved, respectively. Result of FT-IR analysis showed considerable changes in functional groups during removal process. Synergist effect of US in electrocoagulation process was estimated to be only 14 percent.Conclusion: The results indicate that the proposed process have a good efficiency in CIP removal. It is possible to decrease the concentrations of similar pollutants before their discharge to the environment by the use of this method.Keywords: Ultrasound – Electrocoagulation process, modelling, Ciprofloxacin, Central composite design, aqueou

Optimal power flow incorporating facts devices and stochastic wind power generation using krill herd algorithm

© 2020 by the authors. This paper deals with investigating the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) solution of power systems considering Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices and wind power generation under uncertainty. The Krill Herd Algorithm (KHA), as a new meta‐heuristic approach, is employed to cope with the OPF problem of power systems, incorporating FACTS devices and stochastic wind power generation. The wind power uncertainty is included in the optimization problem using Weibull probability density function modeling to determine the optimal values of decision variables. Various objective functions, including minimization of fuel cost, active power losses across transmission lines, emission, and Combined Economic and Environmental Costs (CEEC), are separately formulated to solve the OPF considering FACTS devices and stochastic wind power generation. The effectiveness of the KHA approach is investigated on modified IEEE‐30 bus and IEEE‐57 bus test systems and compared with other conventional methods available in the literature

Optimal SSSC-based power damping inter-area oscillations using firefly and harmony search algorithms

The static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) can add a series reactance to the transmission line, and when it is fed using auxiliary signals, it can participate in damping inter-area oscillations by changing the series reactance. In this paper, the effect of the SSSC on small-signal stability is investigated. The design of a controller for damping oscillations is designed and discussed. Moreover, using the firefly and the harmony search algorithms, the optimal parameters controlling SSSC are addressed. The effectiveness of these two algorithms and the rate of SSSC participation in damping inter-area oscillation are also discussed. MATLAB software was used to analyse the models and to perform simulations in the time domain. The simulation results on the sample system, in two areas, indicated the optimal accuracy and precision of the proposed controller

IMPROVEMENT OF LOADABILITY IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

Abstract -Generally during recent decades due to development of power systems, the methods for delivering electrical energy to consumers, and because of voltage variations is a very important proble

Multi-objective optimal reactive power planning under load demand and wind power generation uncertainties using ε-constraint method

© 2020 by the authors. This paper presents an improved multi-objective probabilistic Reactive Power Planning (RPP) in power systems considering uncertainties of load demand and wind power generation. The proposed method is capable of simultaneously (1) reducing the reactive power investment cost, (2) minimizing the total active power losses, (3) improving the voltage stability, and (4) enhancing the loadability factor. The generators\u27 voltage magnitude, the transformer\u27s tap settings, and the output reactive power of VAR sources are taken into account as the control variables. To solve the probabilistic multi-objective RPP problem, the -constraint method is used. To test the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the IEEE 30-bus test system is implemented in the GAMS environment under five different conditions. Finally, for a better comprehension of the obtained results, a brief comparison of outcomes is presented

Low-voltage ride-through for a three-phase four-leg photovoltaic system using SRFPI control strategy

With the innovative progresses in power electronics in recent years, photovoltaic (PV) systems emerged as one of the promising sources for electricity generation at the distribution network. Nonetheless, connection of PV power plants to the utility grid under abnormal conditions has become a significant issue and novel grid codes should be recommend. The low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability is one of the challenges faced by the integration of PV power stations into electrical grid under abnormal conditions. This work firstly provides a discussion on recent control schemes for PV power plants to enhance the LVRT capabilities. Next, a control scheme for a three-phase four-leg grid-connected PV inverter under unbalanced grid fault conditions using synchronous reference frame proportional integral (SRFPI) controller is proposed. Simulation studies are performed to investigate the influence of the control strategy on the PV inverter

بررسی فرایند سونو- الکتروکواگولاسیون در حذف سیپروفلوکساسین از محیط های آبی با طراحی ترکیبی مرکزی

Background and aims: Presence of antibiotics as emerging pollutants have aroused increasing concerns. The modelling of electrocoagulation process with ultrasound in the removal of Ciprofloxacin in aqueous solutions was aimed in the present study.Materials and Methods: In this study a reactor with 1000 mL volume was used. Copper and iron electrodes were exploited as cathode and anode electrodes. Electrodes were connected to a direct electrical current supply as monopolar. The optimization of pH, current density, initial concentration of CIP and reactiontime were conducted by CCD and finally suitable model was presented. In optimized conditions, the amount of electrode corrosion, COD and TOC removal, changes in the UV-Vis adsorption and FT-IR spectrum was measured. All procedures in study were conducted ethically.Results: Optimum conditions were found to occur at pH, current density, and reaction time of 7. 4, 1.5 In this situation the predicted and.A and 30 min, respectively in 15 mg CIP /L as an initial concentration actual efficiencies were 88.21 and 86.37 %, respectively. Also, a moderate COD and TOC removal, about64 and 51 percent was achieved, respectively. Result of FT-IR analysis showed considerable changes in functional groups during removal process. Synergist effect of US in electrocoagulation process was estimated to be only 14 percent.Conclusion: The results indicate that the proposed process have a good efficiency in CIP removal. It is possible to decrease the concentrations of similar pollutants before their discharge to the environment by the use of this method.زمینه و اهدف: حضور ترکیبات آنتی­­بیوتیک بعنوان آلاینده­های نوظهور باعث افزایش نگرانی­ شده است. هدف از این مطالعه، مدل­سازی فرایند الکتروکواگولاسیون در حضور امواج التراسوند در حذف سیپروفلوکساسین از محیط آبی است. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه، یک راکتور به حجم یک لیتر مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. الکترود مس بعنوان کاتد و الکترود آهن بعنوان آند استفاده شد. اتصال الکترودها به دستگاه تامین کننده جریان الکتریکی مستقیم بصورت تک قطبی پیوسته بود. بهینه­سازی پارامترهای pH، جریان الکتریکی، غلظت اولیه سیپروفلوکساسین و زمان واکنش با استفاده از طراحی ترکیبی مرکزی انجام شد و مدل مناسب ارایه شد. در شرایط بهینه فرایند، میزان خوردگی الکترودها، میزان کاهش COD و TOC، تغییرات ایجاد شده در منحنی طیف UV-Vis و طیف­ سنجی FT-IR اندازه­گیری شد. در کلیه مراحل انجام پژوهش، موازین اخلاقی، مراعات گردید. یافته‌ها: شرایط مناسب فرایند برای حذف آنتی­بیوتیک شامل pH برابر 7/4، جریان الکتریکی 1/5 آمپر، زمان واکنش برابر 30 دقیقه در غلظت اولیه 15 میلی­گرم در لیتر بدست آمد. در این حالت بازده تئوریکی و عملی به ­ترتیب برابر 88/21و 86/37درصد بدست آمد. کاهش COD و TOC به ترتیب برابر 64 و 51 درصد بود. نتایج FT-IR نشان دهنده تغییرات گسترده گروه­ های عاملی در طی فرایند بود. خاصیت هم­افزایی حضور امواج التراسوند با توان 350 وات و 40 کیلوهرتز در فرایند الکتروکواگولاسیون 14 درصد تعیین شد. نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج بیانگر کارایی نسبتا مناسب فرایند سونوالکتروکواگولاسیون در کاهش میزان سیپروفلوکساسین بود. با استفاده از این روش می­توان پساب حاوی این آلاینده را پس از کاهش غلظت، به محیط دفع نمود. کلید واژه‌ها: فرایند سونوالکتروکواگولاسیون، مدل­سازی­، سیپروفلوکساسین، طراحی ترکیبی مرکزی، محیط­های آب